What does "gaslighting" refer to in unhealthy relationships?

Gaslighting refers to a tactic used in unhealthy relationships where one person manipulates another into doubting their own perception of reality, memories, or feelings. This technique is often employed to gain power and control over the victim, making them feel insecure and questioning their own thoughts or experiences. The term is derived from a play and subsequent films where a husband uses psychological manipulation to make his wife believe she is going insane, thereby undermining her confidence and sense of self.

In contrast, the other options suggest positive dynamics that are not aligned with the manipulative nature of gaslighting. Improving communication, enhancing trust, and constructive criticism all imply a level of respect and honesty in interactions, which are absent in a gaslighting scenario.